EmStat4 MUX

2-in-1: Potentiostat with integrated multiplexer

  • Integrated 8-channel multiplexer
  • Supports 2-, 3- and 4-electrode setup using Sense Lead
  • Potential range: ± 3V 
  • Compliance voltage: ± 5V
  • Current ranges:  1 nA – 10 mA
  • Maximum current: ± 30 mA
  • FRA / EIS up to 200 kHz
Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) is an electrochemical technique to measure the impedance of a system in dependence of the AC potentials frequency. With this option you can select the maximum AC frequency for EIS.
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Description

Gone are the days with too many cables. With the EmStat4 MUX you have a potentiostat and a multiplexer in one! The EmStat4 MUX is a powerful potentiostat, galvanostat and impedance analyzer and supports all popular electrochemical techniques. Its 8 channels allow for sequential measurements, for example eight Screen-printed electrodes, or eight working electrodes in eight different  cells.  The instrument’s measurements can be highly customized using MethodSCRIPT. The 4 different cell connections available allow for many different setups. When the measurements are finished, you can easily save your results in PSTrace, or export your results to Excel. 

Two modes of operation

  • Consecutive mode: this mode switches channel when a complete measurement has finished
  • Alternate mode: this mode switches all activated channels within the specified time interval of a measurement.

In both modes the unselected Working Electrodes can either be left floating or switched to Ground to keep the specified voltage.

Supports a 2-, 3- or 4-electrode setup

  • Connect four electrodes per channel by using the Sense Leads. 
  • Or connect only three electrodes per channel by internally connecting all Sense electrodes to the Working Electodes in software.
  • Do you need to connect only two electrodes per channel? Combine the reference and counter electrode physically on the cable, or with a single click on the PSTrace software.

8 to 128 channels

Is 8 channels not enough? If more channels are required, one or more MUX-R2 can be stacked to the EmStat4 MUX for a total of up to 128 channels.

Script your experiments!

Via the script window of PSTrace it is possible to perform a different experiment on each of the channels sequentially. Alternatively, you can use MethodSCRIPT to fully customize your measurements per channel.

Multichannel or Multiplexer?

To make it easier for you to decide, if  a multiplexer or a multichannel device is more suitable for your application, we have created a short explanation of multiplexers and multichannels.

Techniques

Voltammetric techniques

Linear Sweep Voltammetry (LSV)
In Linear Sweep Voltammetry a potential scan is performed from the begin potential, to the end potential. The voltage during the scan increases with small potential steps. Continue reading
Cyclic Voltammetry (CV)
Cyclic voltammetry is a known method of demonstrating the presence of a substance in a given liquid by drawing a graph with a characteristic wavy line. Continue reading
Fast Cyclic Voltammetry (FCV)
Fast Cyclic Voltammetry is cyclic voltammetry with a very high scan rate up to 1 V per microsecond. Continue reading
AC Voltammetry (ACV)
In AC Voltammetry a potential scan is made with a superimposed sine wave which has a relatively small amplitude of 5 ~ 10 mV and a frequency of 10 to 250 Hz. Continue reading

Pulsed techniques

Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV)
In Differential Pulse Voltammetry a potential scan is made using pulses with a constant amplitude of E pulse superimposed on the dc-potential. Continue reading
Square Wave Voltammetry (SWV)
Square Wave Voltammetry is a special version of Differential Pulse Voltammetry is, where the pulse time is equal to half the interval time. Continue reading
Normal Pulse Voltammetry (NPV)
In Normal Pulse Voltammetry (NPV) a potential scan is made by making constantly larger potential steps of pulse. Continue reading

Amperometric techniques

Chronoamperometry (CA)
The instrument applies a constant dc-potential and the current is measured with constant interval times. Continue reading
Zero Resistance Amperometry (ZRA)
A ZRA measures the current flowing through it without adding any resistance. This means the current is measured without the ZRA influencing the current. Continue reading
Chronocoulometry (CC)
Chronocoulometry is an electrochemical technique during which a potential is set. Continue reading
MultiStep Amperometry (MA)
MultiStep Amperometry (MA) is an electrochemical technique which simply allows the user to specify the number of potential steps they want to apply and how long each step should last. Continue reading
Fast Amperometry (FAM)
Fast Amperometry (FAM) is a form of amperometric detection with very high sampling rates or respectively very short interval times. Continue reading
Pulsed Amperometric Detection (PAD)
With Pulsed Amperometric Detection a series of pulses (pulse profile) is periodically repeated. Pulsed Amperometric Detection can be used when higher sensitivity is required. Continue reading
*
Multiple-Pulse Amperometric Detection (MPAD)
Multiple-Pulse Amperometric Detection (MPAD) is an electrochemical technique that can be used when higher sensitivity is required. Using pulses instead of constant potential might result in higher faradaic currents Continue reading
* Will become available with a software update at a later moment.

Potentiometric techniques

Linear Sweep Potentiometry (LSP)
With Linear Sweep Potentiometry, a current scan is performed from the begin current to the end current. Continue reading
Chronopotentiometry (CP)
Chronopotentiometry (CP)is an electrochemical technique in which a controlled current, usually a constant current, is caused to flow between two electrodes; the potential of one electrode is monitored as a function of time with respect to a suitable reference electrode. Continue reading
MultiStep Potentiometry (MSP)
MultiStep Potentiometry allows the user to specify the number of current steps they want to apply and how long each step should last. The potential response is continuously sampled with the specified interval. Continue reading
Open Circuit Potentiometry (OCP)
Open Circuit Potential (OCP) is the potential where no current is flowing, because the circuit is open. Continue reading
* Stripping Chronopotentiometry (SCP or PSA)

Impedimetric techniques

Potentiostatic Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
(PEIS)
During a conventional EIS (PEIS) a potential sine wave is applied and the resulting current is measured. Continue reading
Galvanostatic Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
(GEIS)
During GEIS a current sine wave is applied and the resulting potential is measured. Continue reading
DC-potential sweep
The Impedance is measured at a fixed frequency, varying the DC-potential (also called DC-Bias or DC-level). This setup is the same as for Mott-Schottky, but currently our software doesn't support data plotting as required for Mott-Schottky.
Impedance time scan
The Impedance is measured versus time, at a fixed frequency. Continue reading
Fast EIS/GEIS
The Fast EIS and Fast GEIS techniques provide a form of EIS where the latency between each measured datapoint is reduced to a minimum of 1 ms, starting at a frequency of 10 kHz. This allows for observing rapid impedance changes on a cell at a fixed frequency.

Other

Mixed Mode (MM)
Mixed Mode is a flexible technique that allows for switching between potentiostatic, galvanostatic, and open circuit measurements during a single run. Continue reading
Custom techniques (MethodSCRIPT)
MethodSCRIPT gives you full control over the instrument. It allows you to customize and combine measurement techniques and perform actions including using on-board storage, data analysis and controlling external peripherals. Continue reading
Missing a technique? See cross-reference list

Specifications

General
channels8x [Working, Sense, Counter, Reference electrode and Ground ]
potential range±3 V
compliance voltage
The compliance voltage is the maximum voltage that can be applied between the working and counter electrode. Another name could be the maximum cell potential. Continue reading
±5 V
maximum current±30 mA
impedance analyzer¹
(FRA/EIS)
FRA stands for Frequency Response Analyzer. It is an analyzer used to measure impedance (EIS-Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy). In PalmSens instruments it is a module integrated in a potentiostat, optional for most models Continue reading
10 µHz to 200 kHz
max. data acquisition rate
Also known as Sampling Rate, it describes how fast the instrument can collect measurement values. Continue reading
1M points/s
sample connectionsWE, S, RE, CE and GND

¹ The impedance analyzer is an optional item for the EmStat4 MUX. It is limited to 100 kHz when using 3- or 4-electrode setup)

Potentiostat
applied potential resolution100 µV
applied potential accuracy
The applied potential accuracy describes how close to the real values your applied potential is.
≤ 0.2% ±1 mV offset
current ranges
A current range defines the maximum current a potentiostat can measure in a certain range. Continue reading
1 nA to 10 mA (8 ranges)
measured current resolution
The lowest observable difference between two values that a measurement device can differentiate between. Continue reading
0.009% of
CR
CR is the acronym we use for Current Range. A current range defines the maximum current a potentiostat can measure in a certain range. Continue reading

(92 fA on 1 nA range)
measured 
current accuracy
The current accuracy describes how close to the real values your measured current is. Continue reading
< 0.2% of current
±20 pA  ±0.2% of range
settings for
bandwidth
Bandwidth defines the range of frequencies a system can accurately measure or respond to. Continue reading
320 Hz, 3.2 kHz, 30 kHz or 570 kHz
Galvanostat
current ranges
A current range defines the maximum current a potentiostat can measure in a certain range. Continue reading
10 nA, 1 µA, 100 µA, 10 mA (4 ranges)
applied dc-current±3 times
CR
CR is the acronym we use for Current Range. A current range defines the maximum current a potentiostat can measure in a certain range. Continue reading
applied dc-current resolution0.01% of
CR
CR is the acronym we use for Current Range. A current range defines the maximum current a potentiostat can measure in a certain range. Continue reading
applied dc-
current accuracy
The current accuracy describes how close to the real values your measured current is. Continue reading
<0.4% of current
±20 pA  ±0.2% of range
potential ranges50 mV, 100 mV, 200 mV, 500 mV, 1 V
measured dc-potential resolution96 µV at ±3 V (1 V range)
48 µV at ±1.5 V (500 mV)
19.2 µV at ±0.6 V (200 mV)
9.6 µV at ±0.3 V (100 mV)
4.8 µV at ±0.150 V (50 mV)
measured dc-potential accuracy≤ 0.2% ±1 mV offset
bandwidth
Bandwidth defines the range of frequencies a system can accurately measure or respond to. Continue reading
settings
320 Hz, 3.2 kHz, 30 kHz or 570 kHz

More details in the product brochure.

Impedance Analyzer
Potentiostatic mode
(PEIS)
During a conventional EIS (PEIS) a potential sine wave is applied and the resulting current is measured. Continue reading
  frequency range10 µHz to 200 kHz
  ac-amplitude range1 mV to 900 mV RMS
(2.5 V p-p)
Galvanostatic mode
(GEIS)
During GEIS a current sine wave is applied and the resulting potential is measured. Continue reading
  frequency range10 µHz to 100 kHz
  ac-amplitude range0.9 times
CR
CR is the acronym we use for Current Range. A current range defines the maximum current a potentiostat can measure in a certain range. Continue reading

RMS
Electrometer
electrometer amplifier input
The amplifier input resistance of the amplifier in the electrometer determines the load that the amplifier places on the source of the signal being fed into it. Ideally the resistance is infinite, and the load to be zero to not to influence your measurement.
> 1 TΩ // 10 pF
bandwidth
Bandwidth defines the range of frequencies a system can accurately measure or respond to. Continue reading
10 kHz (default)
500 kHz for EIS and fast CA/CP
Integrated Multiplexer
number of channels 8 (up to 128 when adding MUX8-R2 multiplexers)
multiplexerswitches 8 x (WE, S, RE and CE)
on resistance for WE1.5 Ω typical
charge injection on WE20 pC typical
leakage current< 20 pA (5 pA typical) at 25 ºC
switching time2 ms
switching time in 'Alternate mode'25 ms (min. 0.5 s interval time when alternating over 8 channels)
EmStat4 MUX connections
ConnectorFunction
Input
AUXCan be used to measure auxiliary input like temperature or pH, and to switch external hardware using two digital control lines that can be set in PSTrace
LinkConnects to Input of next multiplexer, for daisy-chaining multiple multiplexers.
USB-CFor connecting to PC or Android device
Channel 1-4Connects to sensor cables 1-4
Channel 5-8Connects to sensor cables 5-8
Other
housingaluminium: 138 mm x 121 mm x 37 mm
weight~500 g
temperature range0 ºC to + 50 ºC
power supplyUSB
communicationUSB-C
internal storage space500 MB, equivalent to >15M datapoints or ~1000 measurement files (whichever comes first)

Cell connections

There are four ways to connect your sensor. These sensor connections are quoted separately. 

  • Option A: Double shielded sensor cables with 2 mm banana connectors. The 2 mm banana connectors are compatible with standard croc clips (they will be included in the quotation as optional).
  • Option B: High-density cable that terminates in ferrules
  • Option C: Connection (Screw) Terminal  to assemble your own wires.
  • Option D: Screen Printed Electrode Connector

Each of these connection options can be used to connect 4 channels. When you add the EmStatMUX8 in the quotation basket we will make sure to include two units of the selected connection option so you can connect all 8 channels to the electrochemical cells.

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Software

PSTrace

PSTrace is designed to be productive immediately after installation, without going through a long learning period. It has three modes; the Scientific mode which allows you to run all the techniques our instruments have to offer, and two dedicated modes for Corrosion analysis and the Analytical Mode. PSTrace is suitable for all levels of user experience.

Features include:

  • Direct validation of method parameters
  • Automated peak search
  • Equivalent Circuit Fitting
  • Scripting for running an automated sequence of measurements
  • Open data in Origin and Excel with one click of a button
  • Load data from the instrument’s internal storage
  • and many more…
More information about PSTrace
PSTrace Method Editor

Software Development Kits

PalmSens provides several Software Development Kits (SDKs) to help developers create custom software to control their potentiostat. Each SDK comes with documentation and examples that shows how to use the libraries.

SDKs are available for:

  • .NET (WinForms, WPF and Xamarin for Android)
  • Python
  • LabVIEW
  • Matlab
More information about our SDKs

MethodSCRIPT™ Communications Protocol

The EmStat4-series instruments work with MethodSCRIPT™, giving you full control over your potentiostat. The simple script language is parsed on-board, which means no DLLs or other type of code libraries are required. MethodSCRIPT™ allows for running all supported electrochemical techniques, making it easy to combine different measurements and other tasks. 

MethodSCRIPT can be generated, edited, and executed in PSTrace.

MethodSCRIPT features includes:

  • (Nested) loops and conditional logic support
  • User code during a measurement iteration
  • Exact timing control
  • Simple math operations on variables (add, sub, mul, div)
  • Data smoothing and peak detection
  • Digital I/O, for example for waiting for an external trigger
  • Logging results to internal storage or external SD card
  • Reading auxiliary values like pH or temperature
  • and many more…
MethodSCRIPT

Downloads

Name Type Last updated
EmStat4 MUX Operators Manual This manual explains how to install, operate and trouble shoot the EmStat4 MUX instrument. Documentation 30-05-25
EmStat4 MUX Brochure Brochure of the EmStat4 potentiostat, with integrated 8-channel multiplexer. Read more about the cell configurations, cell connection options, supported techniques and how to connect up to 128 channels. Documentation 30-05-25
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